Saturday, September 27, 2008
Exam tips @ 9:37 AM
For all levels, you need to mapwork, as dicussed, all must know 4 grid reference, contour interval, compass direction, measuring distance using a scale, physical and manmade features. For Sec 2, both levels need to know about settlement patterns. Sec 2 Express, you need to bring your protractor as you will to find bearings and 6 grid reference.All must bring a ruler, calculator and pencil for your mapwork.
For sec 1:
Chapter 10-
Water Cycle
River features for the upper, middle and lower course
Know the difference between a drainage basin and watershed
Delta formation and how distributaries deposit sediments to form floodplians
Benefits and problems of the river (different from dam)
Benefits and problems of the dam (different from river)
Chapter 11-
Annual rainfall
The difference and how to measure mean temperature and temperature range.
Read a climograph
Read a max min thermometer (look only at the bottom part of the metal indicator, usually black in colour)
Know your weather equipments like rain gauge, stevenson screen, wind vane and wind rose
How wind is created.
How to read a wind rose.
Know how to read a rainfall map (Basically, know where there is more rainfall on the map, bigger the number, higher the rainfall.)
benefits (consistent pattern) and problems (inconsistent pattern) of weather and climate to people.
Chapter 12-
Distribution, climate, feature and adaptation of plants. Follow the worksheet and you will be fine.
benefits of vegetations (check the last pages of chapter 10).
Sec 2 N(A)
Chapter 8-
Features and problems of 4 national taps
Vulnerability due to water shortage
How to conserve water
Chapter 9-
Cause, effect and prevention of air, land and water pollution
How acid rain is formed and its damages
3Rs at International, National, Individual level
Chapter 10-
Cause, effect and prevention of global warming and ozone depletion
Know that the only link between global warming and ozone depletion is CFC as it is a greenhouse gas, global warming does not cause ozone depletion.
Montreal Protocol is for reducing ozone depletion and Kyoto Protocol is to reduce carbon emission to stop global warming.
Sec2 Express
Chapter 2:
Rate of natural increase
Factors of high birth rate, low birth rate, high death rate, low death rate
How government can help with each of the rates except low death rates
How to read a population pyramid
Chapter 3:
The difference and features and purpose of each settlment pattern.
Amenities, transportation, communication, main economic activities and lifestyles (education, income, stress level) of a rural and urban settlement
Chapter 4:
Know the steps for each farming methods, slash and burn purpose, monoculture in plantation, etc
Inputs and outputs for each farming method.
The difference in subsistence and commercial farming.
Chapter 5:
What is a transport and communication hubs?
How transport and communication hubs can lead to globalisation to a shrinking world and promote entrepreneurship.
Chapter 10:
Cause, effect and prevention of global warming and ozone depletion
Know that the only link between global warming and ozone depletion is CFC as it is a greenhouse gas, global warming does not cause ozone depletion.
Montreal Protocol is for reducing ozone depletion and Kyoto Protocol is to reduce carbon emission to stop global warming.
Sec 1 answer scheme to excercise 12.1 to 12.6 @ 8:34 AM
Excercise 12.1Q1a:
Natural vegetation=Plants grown naturally and not by man.
Major types=Forest, Grasslands, Deserts
Sub types= Forest-(Tropical rainforest, Temperate deciduous forest, Temperate coniferous forest), Grass land-(temperate, tropical), Deserts-(Hot, cold tundra)
Q1b(i):
Temperature, sunlight and rainfall
Q1b(ii):
Higher rainfall and sunlight lead to greater plant density and higher temperature often leads to greater variety of plants.
Excercise 12.2
Q1a: 50 to 30m-emergent, 30 to 10m-canopy, 10m and below-undergrowth
Q1b: Unable to show you due to copyright issues.
Q1c:
Emergent:
Feature=Tall, up to 40 to 50m in height.
Reason=To bypass the canopy to get more sunlight.
Canopy:
Feature=interlocking crowns
Reason=to block sunlight to the undergrowth
Undergrowth:
Feature=Sparse undergrowth
Reason=little sunlight
Q1d: again copyright problem.
Excercise 12.3
Q2a: Buttress roots, to help support the tall tree.
Q3c: Broad to get sunlight, Drip tip and waxy to remove water from the leaf surface to get more sunlight.
Q6: Little sunlight due to interlocking crowns of the canopy.
Q7: Sparse (little) vegetation, damp ground.
Excercise 12.4
Layer:
3, 3, 1
Leaves:
Tropical=evergreen, drip tip leaves, broad.
Deciduous=colour changes to the seasons, broad, leaves are shed before winter.
Coniferous=evergreen, small, needle like, waxy
Characteristics:
Tropical=close to each other, sparse undergrowth, interlocking crown at canopy and tall emergent trees have buttress roots
Deciduous= new leave in Spring, full crown of leaves in summer, leaves brown in autumn and shed before winter.
Coniferous= one species in a large area, cone shaped, tree branches can bend to get more sunlight or remove snow.
Temperature:
Tropical=20 to 30
Deciduous= -2 to 18
Coniferous= -12 to 10
Rainfall:
Tropical= 1000 to 2000mm
Deciduous= 750 to 1000mm
Coniferous= 300 to 750mm
Places:
Tropical= South East Asia, Brazil
Deciduous= America, Japan
Coniferous= Alaska, Northern Europe
Plants:
Not important
Excercise 12.5
Feature:
Tropical:
few trees, alot of grass, prone to bush fire, experience 7 to 9 months of rainfall and a long dry season.
Temperate:
Few or no trees, tall grasses, windy environment
temperature:
Tropical:
20 to 30
Temperate:
-20 to 10
Rainfall:
Tropical:
200 to 1000
Temperate:
200 to 1000
Excercise 12.6
Q1a:
A-tundra, B-hot desert
Q1b:
A is cold and dry, mostly covered in snow.
B is hot and dry.
Q1c(i):
Q and R
Q1c(ii):
Q is to spread out to look for more water and R is to get groundwater
Q1d:
Long and deep roots to get more water
Small and waxy leaves to reduce water loss
Large swollen trunk to store water
Small plants have short life cycle to reduce water demand and seeds grow only when there is water.